|
|
| 1. Why does ocular pathology linked to myopia have a significant public health impact? |
|
A.
|
Myopic is one of the top three causes of legal blindness in the United States. |
|
B.
|
Choroidal neovascularization related to myopia degeneration is unresponsive to off-label intravitreal Avastin (bevacizumab, Genentech) treatment. |
|
C.
|
Patients with myopic retinal degeneration tend to have their vision loss extended over a much longer period of time than those with macular degeneration. |
|
D.
|
Lost work-related productivity in the United States from retinal detachment is estimated at $4.8 billion per year. |
|
|
|
| 2. Which of the following ocular pathologies is NOT generally associated with myopia? |
|
A.
|
Lattice retinal degeneration. |
|
B.
|
Choroidal neovascularization. |
|
C.
|
Granulomatous uveitis. |
|
D.
|
Retinal holes. |
|
|
|
| 3. Regulation of myopia would most likely involve patients between the ages of: |
|
A.
|
Two to five years. |
|
B.
|
Six to 16 years. |
|
C.
|
17 to 21 years. |
|
D.
|
25 to 35 years. |
|
|
|
| 4. Scientific evidence has found an association between the inhibition of childhood myopic progression and: |
|
A.
|
Higher levels of outdoor activity. |
|
B.
|
Bates eye exercises. |
|
C.
|
Consumption of bilberry. |
|
D.
|
Prolonged near work. |
|
|
|
| 5. Recent research collectively suggests that hyperopic defocus in the retinal periphery can: |
|
A.
|
Inhibit myopic progression. |
|
B.
|
Inhibit hyperopic progression. |
|
C.
|
Stimulate hyperopic progression. |
|
D.
|
Stimulate myopic progression. |
|
|
|
| 6. What is the established metric for determining successful inhibition of myopic progression? |
|
A.
|
Decreased corneal curvature. |
|
B.
|
Decreased anterior to posterior thickness of the crystalline lens. |
|
C.
|
Change in vitreous chamber depth. |
|
D.
|
Increased anterior chamber depth. |
|
|
|
| 7. What confounded the results of several early studies that attempted to determine if spherical rigid contacts could slow myopic progression? |
|
A.
|
Insufficient examination and follow-up protocols. |
|
B.
|
Unsophisticated diagnostic technology and lack of qualified research personnel. |
|
C.
|
Lack of patient participation and funding. |
|
D.
|
Inadequate control of variables, incomplete follow-up and poor patient selection. |
|
|
|
| 8. The results of the Contact Lens and Myopia Progression (CLAMP) study support the premise that: |
|
A.
|
Practitioners should not prescribe spherical rigid contacts for controlling axial myopi |
|
B.
|
Any reduction of myopia in rigid contact lens wearers indicates decreased vitreous chamber depth. |
|
C.
|
Corneal reshaping effectively induces peripheral retinal defocus. |
|
D.
|
Rigid contact lenses do not cause release of retinal neurotransmitters. |
|
|
|
| 9. According to the literature, how does soft contact lens wear affect myopic progression? |
|
A.
|
Undercorrection with soft contact lenses effectively controls myopic progression. |
|
B.
|
Soft lens wear by children does not increase myopia compared to wearing eyeglasses. |
|
C.
|
Soft contact lens wear significantly increases myopic progression. |
|
D.
|
Soft contact lens wear causes corneal steepening compared to spectacle wear. |
|
|
|
| 10. Regarding the undercorrection of myopia, which of the following statements is true? |
|
A.
|
At least two studies have found that undercorrection increases myopic progression. |
|
B.
|
Following the results of COMET, the National Eye Institute has endorsed progressive eyeglasses for myopia control. |
|
C.
|
Asian children experience statistically significant reduction in axial myopic progression when undercorrected. |
|
D.
|
One study proved the efficacy of undercorrection for controlling myopia in patients with accommodative lag, high AC/A and near-point esophoria. |
|
|
|
| 11. Why is atropine therapy not routinely prescribed? |
|
A.
|
It does not effectively control myopic progression. |
|
B.
|
Studies demonstrate unclear and inconclusive results. |
|
C.
|
Its side effects in children, as well as cosmesis, may hinder academic and social development. |
|
D.
|
It is not available in the U.S. |
|
|
|
| 12. Which drug is NOT currently under evaluation for myopia regulation? |
|
A.
|
Pirenzepine. |
|
B.
|
Bimatoprost. |
|
C.
|
L-NAME. |
|
D.
|
7-methylxanthine. |
|
|
|
| 13. Which of the following statements regarding vision training is TRUE? |
|
A.
|
Previous research has demonstrated the efficacy of accommodative vision training for slowing myopic progression. |
|
B.
|
An esophoric myopic must accommodate more to maintain single binocular vision. |
|
C.
|
An elevated AC/A ratio was associated with myopia development, according to research by Donald O. Mutti, O.D., Ph.D. |
|
D.
|
A low AC/A ratio prior to onset of myopia is predictive of rapid myopic progression, according to research by Jane Gwiazda, Ph.D., and colleagues. |
|
|
|
| 14. Which concept currently holds the most promise for regulating myopic progression? |
|
A.
|
Undercorrection with rigid contact lenses. |
|
B.
|
Vision training. |
|
C.
|
Prolonged outdoor activity. |
|
D.
|
Non-surgical induction of peripheral myopic defocus. |
|
|
|
| 15. How is corneal reshaping hypothesized to inhibit myopic progression? |
|
A.
|
Creation of an oblate cornea focuses the central retinal image but causes peripheral retinal myopi |
|
B.
|
Creation of a prolate cornea focuses the central retinal image but causes peripheral retinal hyperopia. |
|
C.
|
Mechanical interaction of the rigid lens causes hypertrophy and stiffening of scleral collagen. |
|
D.
|
Compression of the corneal epithelium releases inhibitory factors that limit vitreous chamber elongation. |
|
|
|
| 16. Interim data from which study has NOT found a significant reduction in axial growth of the eye with corneal reshaping? |
|
A.
|
Longitudinal Orthokeratology Research in Children (LORIC). |
|
B.
|
Corneal Reshaping and Yearly Observation of Myopia (CRAYON). |
|
C.
|
Stabilization of Myopia via Accelerated Reshaping Technologies (SMART). |
|
D.
|
Atropine in the Treatment of Myopia (ATOM). |
|
|
|
| 17. Which treatment is NOT expected to increase peripheral retinal myopia? |
|
A.
|
LASIK. |
|
B.
|
Multifocal soft contact lens. |
|
C.
|
Corneal reshaping. |
|
D.
|
Miotic eye drops. |
|
|
|
| 18. If positive spherical aberration controls myopic eye growth by causing peripheral retinal myopia, which of the following statements is FALSE? |
|
A.
|
Atropine and other cycloplegics could inhibit myopia because of the increase in spherical aberration induced by increasing pupil size. |
|
B.
|
Multifocal soft contacts control myopic progression by addressing accommodative lag. |
|
C.
|
Although not routinely performed on children, LASIK and its induced spherical aberration could inhibit myopic eye growth. |
|
D.
|
Peripheral retinal myopia likely causes the release of cellular factors that modulate axial growth. |
|
|
|
| 19. Which of the following is not a reason cited by the authors for preventing myopia? |
|
A.
|
High prevalence of myopi |
|
B.
|
Increased risk of associated pathology. |
|
C.
|
Negative impact on quality of life. |
|
D.
|
Correlation with psychiatric disorders. |
|
|
|
| 20. What instrument might be LEAST useful in monitoring the efficacy of a treatment for myopia progression? |
|
A.
|
Peripheral refractor. |
|
B.
|
A-scan ultrasonographer. |
|
C.
|
Wavefront aberrometer. |
|
D.
|
Keratometer. |
|