|
|
| 1. What do spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images, in fact, provide? |
|
A.
|
A depiction of the histological layers of retin |
|
B.
|
Reflective interfaces between retinal structures. |
|
C.
|
The same retinal information as time-domain optical coherence tomography (TD-OCT). |
|
D.
|
The same retinal information as fluorescein angiography. |
|
|
|
| 2. What is the function of the photoreceptor integrity line (PIL)? |
|
A.
|
It serves at the junction between the inner and outer segments of the photoreceptors. |
|
B.
|
It acts as a layer of rod and cone nuclei. |
|
C.
|
It serves as the anterior border of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). |
|
D.
|
It serves as the posterior border of the RPE. |
|
|
|
| 3. When imaged on (SD-OCT), what is true of the PIL? |
|
A.
|
It is present in half of healthy eyes. |
|
B.
|
It is present in virtually all healthy eyes. |
|
C.
|
It appears abnormal only in advanced cases of retinitis pigmentosa. |
|
D.
|
It appears abnormal in most glaucoma patients. |
|
|
|
| 4. What is the most external layer of the retina? |
|
A.
|
The nerve fiber layer. |
|
B.
|
The PIL. |
|
C.
|
The choroid. |
|
D.
|
The RPE |
|
|
|
| 5. In a healthy eye, what does the dark zone located beneath the foveal pit represent? |
|
A.
|
The PIL. |
|
B.
|
The RPE. |
|
C.
|
The extent of the photoreceptors' outer segments. |
|
D.
|
The choroi. |
|
|
|
| 6. What does SD-OCT reveal about overlying blood vessels? |
|
A.
|
That they disrupt the underlying RPE. |
|
B.
|
That they attenuate the signal of underlying RPE alone. |
|
C.
|
That they attenuate the signal of all underlying structures symmetrically. |
|
D.
|
That they can be seen only when they are of large caliber. |
|
|
|
| 7. On SD-OCT, what is true of patients with geographic atrophy? |
|
A.
|
They do not demonstrate a PIL in damaged areas. |
|
B.
|
They lose their foveal pit. |
|
C.
|
They experience damage to the photoreceptors, which causes RPE disruption. |
|
D.
|
They have an overactive choroid, which releases toxins and damages the RPE. |
|
|
|
| 8. What is a feature of dry macular degeneration? |
|
A.
|
It always results in blindness. |
|
B.
|
It leaves the visual pathway to the brain intact. |
|
C.
|
It is treated with retinal transplants to the macula. |
|
D.
|
It affects the inner retinal layers. |
|
|
|
| 9. What is true of the choroid? |
|
A.
|
It cannot be visualized on SD-OCT. |
|
B.
|
It becomes denser to support damaged overlying tissue. |
|
C.
|
It is better visualized on SD-OCT underneath an area where photoreceptors are absent. |
|
D.
|
It is the most reflective zone on an SD-OCT image. |
|
|
|
| 10. In case 2, what etiology explained the patient's lack of a PIL? |
|
A.
|
Posterior vitreous detachment. |
|
B.
|
Incomplete rod monochromatism. |
|
C.
|
Epiretinal membrane. |
|
D.
|
Foveal cyst. |
|
|
|
| 11. Which imaging technique is usually best at detecting vitreomacular traction? |
|
A.
|
TD-OCT |
|
B.
|
SD-OCT. |
|
C.
|
Fundus photography. |
|
D.
|
Fluorescein angiography. |
|
|
|
| 12. What is true of all rod/cone disorders? |
|
A.
|
They can be detected ophthalmoscopically. |
|
B.
|
They can be detected on TD-OCT. |
|
C.
|
They require electroretinogram for accurate diagnosis. |
|
D.
|
They may be differentiated at the macula on SD-OCT. |
|
|
|
| 13. What is NOT a common differential diagnosis for retinal elevation seen near the macula? |
|
A.
|
Intraretinal cystoid macular edema. |
|
B.
|
Retinal detachment. |
|
C.
|
Retinoschisis. |
|
D.
|
Bull's eye maculopathy. |
|
|
|
| 14. What is a separation between the RPE and the photoreceptors defined as? |
|
A.
|
Neurosensory retinal detachment. |
|
B.
|
Retinoschisis. |
|
C.
|
Cystoid macular edema (CME). |
|
D.
|
Central serous chororetinopathy. |
|
|
|
| 15. What is NOT true of cystoid spaces located within the layers of the middle retina? |
|
A.
|
They constitute retinoschisis. |
|
B.
|
They divide the retina into inner and outer layers. |
|
C.
|
They may be secondary to long-standing retinal splits. |
|
D.
|
They are the result of RPE degeneration. |
|
|
|
| 16. What does the presence of retinoschisis that appears adjacent to the optic nerve head often indicate? |
|
A.
|
Vitreomacular traction. |
|
B.
|
Glaucoma. |
|
C.
|
CME. |
|
D.
|
An optic pit. |
|
|
|
| 17. What was the correct diagnosis in case 3? |
|
A.
|
Optic pit. |
|
B.
|
Idiopathic retinoschisis. |
|
C.
|
Epiretinal membrane with a full-thickness hole. |
|
D.
|
Retinal neovascularization. |
|
|
|
| 18. In case 4, what appeared to compromise the patient's foveal pit? |
|
A.
|
CME. |
|
B.
|
Choroidal folds with a pseudohole. |
|
C.
|
Traction created by the epiretinal membrane at the macula (EMM). |
|
D.
|
Nonspecific fibrous scar tissue. |
|
|
|
| 19. What is true of an epiretinal membrane? |
|
A.
|
It always preserves the foveal pit. |
|
B.
|
It may create retinal thickening. |
|
C.
|
It can be visualized as a super-retinal area of increased reflectance. |
|
D.
|
It can cause a posterior vitreous detachment. |
|
|
|
| 20. What is true of vitreomacular traction? |
|
A.
|
It often resolves spontaneously. |
|
B.
|
It can only be detected on SD-OCT. |
|
C.
|
It occurs when the posterior surface of the vitreous becomes denser than the retina. |
|
D.
|
It typically causes a macular hole. |
|